The Imperial Chinese factory at Jingdezhen began exporting Chinese porcelain plates to Europe on a large scale during the Ming Dynasty, under the reign of Wanli Emperor (1572-1620). The Qing dynasty (1644-1911) took this exporting even further. During the Kangxi period (1662-1722), the Chinese perfected their previous techniques for hand-painted blue-and-white chinaware. When the 45-year-old Yongzheng emperor ascended to the throne in 1723, he took a particular shine to the Imperial porcelain factory. Some of the most incredible, delicate Chinese plates were produced during his reign, which lasted until 1735. After 1730, the hand-enameled, flowery polychrome "Qing" style took over as blue-and-white china fell out popularity. During the Qianlong period (1736-1795), master craftsmen produced and hand-painted Chinese plates in all colors and imitating all manners of material, even copying styles from earlier centuries. A popular pattern was a plate covered in a floral scroll design. At the time, huge numbers of dishes and dinnerware sets were exported to Europe, as Chinese porcelain was considered the high bar for table settings. Often the designs originated in Europe, but what a European's idea of Chinese design would look like, known as "Chinoiserie." Around the turn of the 19th century, British were developing their own form of porcelain, known as "bone china," and "transfer printing" techniques that could mass-produce plate designs that had previously been hand-painted. Thus, the number of authentic Chinese plates exported to Europe decreased, and the national Chinese pottery developed "Imperial porcelain" style to cater to Chinese taste. Also in the early 19th century, North America began to import Chinese plates and dinner sets. One popular design was known as "Nanking" or "Canton," a blue-and-white pattern featuring pagodas and a river. Another known as "Rose Medallion" had panels with flowers and mandarins. That century also saw China struggling with war and famine, and between 1853 and 1864, the Imperial Chinese factory at Jingdezhen was out of commission. The Chinese ceramic industry returned in the Guangxu period (1875-1908). Unofficial potteries produced sloppy enameled designs for the American middle class, while the Imperial porcelain factory still put out high-quality plates. A style known as "qian jiang" based on Chinese silk paintings emerged, while Empress Dowager Cixi's Imperial court debuted a style involving large flowers. Another popular plate style involved an imitation of crackled "Ge" glaze and images of warriors. In the early 20th century, after the Qing Dynasty ended in 1911 and the Republic of China was established, the Chinese porcelain industry produced plates in the styles of the Song dynasty (including “Jun,” “Ding,” “Ru,” and “Guan”) as well as the Ming dynasty (“Ge”) and Qing dynasty, particularly from the Yongzheng period. Collectors often use French terms to classify antique Chinese plates. These sort the plates into enamel color palettes or "familles." Adopted in the Kangxi period, "Famille Verte" was made with green and iron red in the overglaze. "Famille Jaune" has the same colors on a yellow ground while "Famille Noire" as a black ground. Possibly debuting around 1720, "Famille Rose" emphasized pinks and purples but allowed for a wider range of colors and tones and more complicated imagery. "Famille Rose" imagery might include intricate flora, fauna, or figures. This style was produced in China and Europe up through the end of the 19th century.